把教育引導到基于證據(jù)（evidence based）上的研究是教育工作者的基本素養(yǎng)和品德。如何讓教育與勞動力市場匹配是世界各國都遇到的大問題，這也是英國和美國都在初中階段（13歲）就要求學校開始對學生做職業(yè)教育和指導的原因。本文是英國專家的研究成果，指出英國的青年人勞動力市場的復雜、競爭和變化三個結構性的變化，并提出了學校在教育和指導方面，為學生提供相關克服困難的解決方案。

——張鐵光教授、劍橋大學博士

上海金蘋果學校國際部名譽校長

劍橋國際課程發(fā)展中心主席

Schools and the twenty-first century labour market: perspectives on structural change

學校與第二十一世紀勞動力市場：結構變遷的看法

19 December 2016  （2016年12月19日）

By Dr Anthony Mann (Director of Policy and Research, Education and Employers) and Prue Huddleston(Professor Emeritus, University of Warwick).

 作者：Anthony Mann 博士（政策研究、教育和雇主主任）及Prue Huddleston（華威大學名譽教授）。

In the British Journal of Guidance & Counselling

This study investigates the UK youth labour market, looking at how changes within it have (negatively) affected the economic prospects of young Britons. Considered collectively, no generation has entered the world of work with more years of schooling, higher levels of qualification or greater human capital to their names, however mounting evidence shows them struggling to compete for economic opportunities.

本研究探討英國的青年勞動力市場，看看它的變化會如何（負面）地影響英國年輕人的經濟前景。總的來說，沒有一代人向他們那樣進入職場時具有更多的學歷、更高層次的資格或更大的人力資本，但越來越多的證據(jù)表明，他們掙扎著去爭奪經濟的機會。

To understand and unravel these structural changes, this study draws upon semi-structured interviews with eight policy commentators exceptionally well placed to offer insight into the character and consequences of the changing youth labour market. The perspectives from commentators who include Hugh Lauder, Andreas Schleicher, Kay Carberry, Chris Husbands, Ewart Keep and Lorna Unwin were tested with recruiters operating at the front line of the youth labour market. With both groups, a broad question was investigated: how can schools and colleges best respond to changes in the labour market which have worked to the detriment of young people?

為了理解和解開這些結構的變化，本研究采用與八位資深的政策評論員的半結構化面試，提供對青年勞動力市場變化性質和后果的洞悉。評論家包括Hugh Lauder、Andreas Schleicher、Kay Carberry，Chris的丈夫、Ewart Keep和Lorna Unwin，把這些評論家的觀點與招聘人員在青年勞動力市場一線的操作做了測試。以這兩個群體的觀點對一個廣泛的問題進行了研究：學校和學院如何應對已經對青年人造成傷害的勞動力市場的變化？

Interviewees identified a new of long term structural changes in the operation of the labour market which had worked against the interests of young people: technological change, globalisation, deregulation, inequality.  From this analysis, three fundamental changes were identified each with implications for schools and colleges:

受訪者發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個對年輕人不利的新的勞動市場運作的長期的結構性變化：技術變革、全球化、放松管制、不平等。從這一分析中，確定了三個對學校和學院有啟示的基本變化：

(1)   Complexity: The increasing complexity of the labour market has required greater levels of more authentic careers provision.

復雜性：勞動力市場日益復雜，需要更真實職業(yè)和更高水平的要求。

(2)   Competition: School to work transitions have become more fractured with young people demanding that they leave education with greater levels of recruitment skills and resilience to compete for employment.

競爭：學校與工作之間的過渡變得更加混亂，要求年輕人在離開教育時具有更高層次的招聘技能和韌性以爭取就業(yè)。

(3)   Change: A rapidly growing number of jobs demand not just knowledge itself, but its effective application in new situations, drawing on skills commonly delivered by schools as enterprise education.

變化：越來越多的就業(yè)崗位不僅需要知識本身，還有它們在新形勢下的有效應用，借鑒了學校作為企業(yè)教育的常用技能。

The study notes that the current generation of pupils face a significantly greater challenge in making informed investment decisions about the quality and quantity of education and training they pursue in light of an increasingly complex and opaque labour market. Upon leaving education, they face greater expectations from employers that they are job ready and greater competition for work from older workers.

研究指出，鑒于日益復雜和不透明的勞動力市場，目前的學生在教育和培訓的質量和數(shù)量方面做出明智決策時，要面臨著更大的挑戰(zhàn)。離開教育后，他們面臨著來自雇主的比老工人在工作準備和競爭方面的更大期望。

Once in employment, growing numbers of employers have a changed sense of what they most desire from the workforce: the new economy places much greater value on the ability of workers to be personally effective in applying their knowledge and skills in new situations. There are clear implications, summarised in the table below from each of these three structural changes in labour market operation for schools and colleges. Specifically, the analysis provides new insight into strategic approaches to educational provision designed to mitigate structural forces placing young people at disadvantage within the labour market. It encourages schools to structure provision offered to young people within a framework aimed at resolving specific and clear barriers to effective school to work transitions.

一旦就業(yè)，越來越多的雇主對員工最渴望的東西有了一種改變：新經濟把更大的價值放在了工人在新形勢下運用知識和技能的能力。這有明確的含義，對學校和學院有勞動力市場運作的三個結構性變化，每個總結如下表。具體來說，分析為教育規(guī)則的戰(zhàn)略方法提供了新的洞察力，旨在減輕勞動力市場中處于不利地位年輕人的結構性力量。它鼓勵學校給年輕人提供結構性供給框架，旨在克服從學校到工作有效轉中具體而明確的障礙。

Figure 1.  Implications of labour market change for young people and schools/colleges.

圖1：勞動力市場變化對年輕人和學校/學院的影響。

The article is available on the website of the British Journal of Guidance and Counselling.  The work draws on interviews with policy commentators and focus groups with recruiters previously published by Education and Employers Research.

這篇文章可在英國指導與輔導雜志（British Journal of Guidance and Counselling）的網站上獲得。這項工作借鑒了《教育和雇主研究》以前發(fā)布的政策評論員和招聘焦點小組的采訪。